The Nation’s Food
Nine hundred doctors, dietitians, chemists, industrialists met in Washington last week to tackle an immense problem: the U.S. diet. As a whole the U.S. today is probably better fed than any other nation, but at least 45,000,000 people in the U.S. are undernourished. Another 50,000,000 people drag along on four cylinders, but cut a good five years off their work-life by not eating the right foods. Of the 35,000,000 remaining, quite a few suffer from overeating.
To work out plans to improve this situation was the job of the first National Nutrition Conference. Chairman: Federal Security Administrator Paul Vories McNutt. Fellow laborers: Vice President Henry Agard Wallace, who has an expert’s knowledge of vitamins. Secretary of Agriculture Claude Raymond Wickard, Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins, Nutritionists Russell Morse Wilder of the Mayo Clinic and Henry Clapp Sherman of Columbia University.
Model Menu. For good health, the Conference urged citizens of all ages to eat the following foods every day: “One pint of milk for an adult and more for a child; a serving of meat . . . one egg or some suitable substitute such as navy beans; two vegetables, one of which should be green or yellow; two fruits, one of which should be rich in vitamin C, found abundantly in citrus fruits and tomatoes; breads, flour and cereal, most or preferably all whole grain or enriched; some butter or oleomargarine with vitamin A added; other foods to satisfy the appetite.” With such a diet, added vitamins are not necessary, except vitamin D (in cod-liver oil) for babies and for older children and adults during winter months. According to most dietitians, a basic diet costs at least 24¢ a day per person. But for the 45,000,000 undernourished. 5¢ a meal is all they can spend.
A necessary vitamin is B—a group of at least half a dozen different chemicals. Most radio listeners, said Vice President Wallace last week, know B as the “oomph vitamin, that puts the sparkle in your eye, the spring in your step, the zip in your soul!” Vitamin B is found abundantly in whole wheat and coarse grains, is appreciably reduced in the milling process, when the rough coat is “scalped”‘ from wheat kernel.
Most of the big flour mills and bakers have recently agreed to put vitamin B1; nicotinic acid and iron back into their flour and bread. But experts last week pointed out that such “enriched bread,” although a step forward, was not the ideal solution of the problem.
Reasons: 1) sufficient productive capacity for riboflavin, which may be a required ingredient of the new flour, will not be ready for almost a year; 2) enriched flour is not as rich in minerals and vitamins as whole grain; 3) to keep up his vitamin BI requirement from this source alone, a person would have to eat almost a whole loaf of enriched bread every day (of the non-enriched white bread, he would have to eat three to four loaves); 4) the amount of vitamins available to put into bread may just now be seriously curtailed by shipments to Britain; 5) natural flour goes a third of a way longer in breadmaking than refined flour.
Coarse brown bread, the delegates agreed, is still the best source of vitamin B1. but relatively few people want it.